For each tool the following items are discussed:
* Whar is it?
* How it works?
* How to access it?
* Search commands used
* The Client-Server computing provides the sharing of work between the server computer which acts as backend and the client computer which acts as front end and allows each to perform the function it does best.
* Client computer could be PCs (DOS, Windows), Mac, workstations, mini or mainframe computer.
* The user never interacts directly with a server program.
* The Client programs are the ones to which the user gives commands. The Client program inturn interacts with one or more server programs.
* A server consists of special software which accepts requests (or queries or commands) and sends a response automatically.
* The client and server programs exchange messages using a protocol created or selected by the program's developers.
* Converting the user commands to messages understood by the server
* Opening and maintaining connection(s) to the appropriate server programs
* Passing user's command to the server.
* Receiving messages and information from the server and displaying the appropriate output on front end, saving files within user's account.
* Responding to the Client's requests properly
* It helps in cost cutdown on hardware
* Flexibility
* Increase in efficiency
* Intelligent functions
* Multiuser environment
* Centralised data management and information sharing environment
* High level administration and security
* Proxy Client: the one on another system which you access through the Internet
* Reading articles in the corresponding usenet news groups
* Doing an archie search
* Work locally with your files
* Be sparing of network resources
* Try a public-access version of the client and obtain a local client if it suits you.
Ex:
* To reach a remote client, use the remote login (telnet) facility.
Ex:
* To reach a server, use the appropriate client.
Ex:
* anonymous ftp to csd4.csd.uwm.edu in /pub/inet.services.txt
* gopher or email to bbslist@aug3.augsburg.edu
* A Client-Server information system for searching the contents of anonymous ftp archives.
* Archie also offers WHATIS database, which provides a brief synopsis for some 4000 items in public archives.
* Currently Archie automatically keeps track of the name directories and files of anonymous ftp sites world-wide. These files include software, Electronic texts, journals, newsletters, among other things.
* The query langauge allows fuzzy pattern matching for complex expressions such as sub-string matching, upper/lower case,wildcard characters. Users are also able to state a level of priority for the processing of the query. This is known as niceness level.
Ex:
* Through proxy client: A command-driven interface for Archie is available by interactive telnet login; login as archie.
Eg:
* Archie is also reachable by e-mail; you can email your queries to archie@'server' where server is one of the servers mentioned for telnet access, with body of the mail being an archie command.
* show search to see the search parameters
* set search exact to do exact string match of the file name
* set search sub to do substring search of the file name but the case is ignored
* set search subcase to do substring search considering the case of the substring
* set match_path path-list to do a search on specific directories
* set match_domain domain-list to do a geographic search
* find is synonym for prog command
* bugs lists bugs in the Archie system
* help lists help commands available for Archie system
* mail destination sends the result to the email address given.
Search commonds for accessing archie cleint%archie -modifiers expression
where modifiers are:
-c returns file names containing the string name considering the case also -e searches for exact file name match -m number limits the search to the number specified -h name searches only the servers specified in name
Search commonds for accessing archie through emailpath email address email addresss to which search result to be sent
compress the output is sent in compressed form
prog expression looks for file name that matches the expression
help help file for mail archie
whatis keyword returns list of files that match the keyword in
whatis database.
* Gopher servers can identify documents of different types, and typically store general information about their sites, links to other servers and services elsewhere and documents such as books, electronic journals and articles.
* It is a finding aid to resources on Internet that lets you prowl through by selecting resources from menus, without having to worry about domain names, IP addresses, changing programs.
* Each gopher follows the same menu mechanisms. Many contain unique collection of Internet resources, but menus may be organized differently. Choose the gopher system that best suits your needs.
* The system enforces licensing restrictions wherever it is applicable How Gopher works
Each gopher contains a variety of resources. To find the gopher that you want use VERONICA, a gopher menu searching program
How to access to Gopher?
* Through local Client:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Public Gopher access sites Login Location -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- consultant.micro.umn.edu gopher North America uxl.cso.uiuc.edu gopher North America panda.uiowa.edu panda North America gopher.msu.edu gopher North America gopher.ebone.net gopher Europe info.anu.edu.au info Australia gopher.chalmers.se gopher Sweden tolten.pub.cl gopher South America ecnet.ec gopher Ecuador gan.ncc.go.jp gopher Japan
Recent releases of gopher software are available via anonymous ftp from boombox.micro.umn.edu (/pub/gopher) and most large sites. This provides additional functionality, such as viewing images, downloading, and creating bookmarks. Ex:
Geographic access to Gophers is provided at gopher.virginia.edu University of Virginia Gopher Worldwide Internet Services Other Gopher and Information Services Internet accessible library catalogues Subject tree access to Gophers is provided at
gopher.msu.edu Michigan State University Gopher Network & Database Resources Internet Resources by Subject Library catalogs are listed by Yale University
Gopher: yaleinfo.yale.edu Yale University Gopher Browse Yaleinfo (Yale & Internet Information) Library Catalogs World-Wide
* Through proxy Client:
You can telnet to a system that has a gopher client. With this method there is usually a limited number of logons allowed, and most Gophers do not allow this type of direct telnet access. Ex:
telnet marvel.loc.gov and login as marvel Alternatively, telnet to a remote computer where you have an account and if that system has a gopher client, you can connect directly to a Gopher by address.
Ex: gopher arl.cni.org
How to access Gopher?
Some public access telnet sites are:
* Through Email:If you do not have access to Internet you can send mails to gophermail sites and get information through email.
Ex:
The gopher menus are mailed back when you send a mail to this address. Then select the menu which you want and preceed this number with X and send back the mail to the gopher address.
Some public access telnet sites are:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Public Gopher access sites Login Location -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- consultant.micro.umn.edu gopher North America uxl.cso.uiuc.edu gopher North America panda.uiowa.edu panda North America gopher.msu.edu gopher North America gopher.ebone.net gopher Europe info.anu.edu.au info Australia gopher.chalmers.se gopher Sweden tolten.pub.cl gopher South America ecnet.ec gopher Ecuador gan.ncc.go.jp gopher Japan
* Through Email:If you do not have access to Internet you can send mails to gophermail sites and get information through email.
Ex:
The gopher menus are mailed back when you send a mail to this address. Then select the menu which you want and preceed this number with X and send back the mail to the gopher address.
* When you approach a new index, keep the search simple
* Try to use multiple keywords, boolean operators which the Gopher index allows on a frequently used gopher server
* Different resources from the same gopher server usually remain the same.
* There is no obvious way of cancelling a search once it is satarted. ^C terminates the Gopher client.
Search Options for Gopher:
* Gopher menus provide a list of options from which to choose. These options can lead to another menu, a database, a document or make a Telnet connection to yet another computer.
* After each gopher menu option is a special symbol which indicates the type of information available. The major symbols are:
/ leads to another menu . (or blank) leads to a document ? searchable index (tel) makes a telnet connection to another computer
* Some common commands used in gopher search:
m: go to main menu u: go up a menu ?: for help /: directory search q: exit b: go back a screen space bar: go forward a screen
1: item is a directory
3: ERROR
4: item is a BinHexed Mac file (discouraged)
5: item is a DOS binary archive of some kind (discouraged)
6: item is a Unix u;nencoded file (discouraged)
7: itemis an Index-Search server
8: item is a pointer to a Telnet session
9: item is a binary file of some sort
+: redundant server (same as previous server)
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Example of a Jughead server which searches Gopher menus all over the world is
* The Web client program is a browser which allows the user to navigate through links across documents stored in different parts of the globe, save documents locally, make personal annotations and create page markers, among other things.
* The navigation on the network is done through hyper links. The client program is a single, easy to use interface to almost everything there is in the Internet. It is supported by a suite of programs that understand different protocols and handle the various files and data compression formats automatically.
* The HTTP program collects the incoming requests from the Web browsers on the network. The server sends the requested page to the client. Servers can range in size from mainframes to network-connected desktop PCs, serving needs ranging from institutional to individual.
* The Web pages on a server are text files to which codes have been added in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). These codes are interpreted by the Web browser that receives them, and are translated into fonts, margins, indentations and other formatting features.
* HTML tags may also specify the names and locations of other files, such as plain text, GIF-format graphics, AU- format audio and MPEG-format video. They can specify links to other Web pages, email services, Usenet newsgroup access, login authorization and a variety of fill-in-the blank applications, such as order froms, surveys and elecctronic "guest registers"
* This identifies the protocol to be used to access the information, the site on which it is located, the IP port number to connect to, as well as protocol specific information.
Ex:
* Lynx can be intalled on a local server, and is available through anonymous ftp from ftp2.cc.ukans.edu in /pub/lynx
* Lynx can be accessed through telnet at a few public sites:
* Mosaic is available through anonymous ftp from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu
* Netscape is available through anonymous ftp from
* Cello is available through anonymous ftp from
* Send a mail to agora@mail.w3.org with body of the text as
* A huge and diverse list of resources is available at:
* NCSA's Meta-Index is available at:
* The whole Internet catalog is available at:
Search options for WWW
for text based brwoserscommands function -------------------------------------------- up arrow previous highlight right arrow follow the link left arrow previous link space bar next screen m main menu enter,return follow the link h,? help about Lynx q quit Lynx p different ways of obtaining a copy of the file a add a bookmark v see the list of bookmarks d delete a bookmark g go to specified URL / search a string of chrs within the current doc = show URL and other inf about current doc delete show docs visited in the current session
Search options for WWW
* When a mail is sent to the browser, it sends back the corresponding web page with details of other linked URL sites
* WAIS is a client-server distributed document retrieval system. The WAIS server system implements weighted term document retrieval with relevance feedback. The WAIS client program provides the interface for the user to formulate and handle a query.
* WAIS is based on Z39.50 (ANSI standard for requesting bibliographic information: 'Information Retrieval Definition and Protocol specification for Library Applicatons) that describes a way for one computer to ask another to do searches for it.
* Each word in a record is indexed and search process is broadly
based on vector space model
* Formulate query in natural langauge
* WAIS displays information about each selected database as it processes the query based on some relevance method
* Titles of retrieved documents are displayed. Complete record of the selected titles can be viewed
* The search can be reinitiated either by modifying the query or by relevance feedback analysis of selected set of documents
SWAIS commands
------------------------------------------------------------------------ commands function ------------------------------------------------------------------------ j, down arrow move down one source k, up arrow move up one source j, ^V , ^D move down one screen K, 'esc' v,^U move up one screen ### position to source number ## / search for source space select current source = deselect all sources v, 'comma' view current source info return perform search s select new sources (refresh source list) w select new keywords X, - remove current source o show SWAIS options h, ? show help facility H display program history q leave this program PCWAIS displays the fallowing options
--------------------------------------------- FILE EDIT QUESTION SOURCES WINDOW ---------------------------------------------